Análise do potencial de Angola para a instalação de centrais termoelétricas a biomassa vegetal1

Oloiva Sousa; Maria Raquel Lucas; José Aranha

doi:10.1590/1806-9479.2023.277511

ARTIGO ORIGINAL

Análise do potencial de Angola para a instalação de centrais termoelétricas a biomassa vegetal^¹

Analysis of Angola's potential for the installation of biomass power plants

Oloiva Sousa; Maria Raquel Lucas; José Aranha

http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-9479.2023.277511 resr, vol.61, nEspecial, e277511, 2023

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Resumo

O aumento da produção de energia elétrica com base em combustíveis fósseis conduz ao aumento de gases com efeito estufa e a originar conflitos devido ao aquecimento global. Por estes motivos, também é crescente o número de estudos relativos a fontes alternativas de energia sustentável. A biomassa florestal pode ser uma importante fonte de combustível para unidades produtoras de energia, como sejam as centrais termoelétricas. Vários estudos, em Portugal, demonstraram que a quantidade anual de resíduos agroflorestais pode constituir uma fonte alternativa de combustível para as centrais termoelétricas. Ainda que a produção agroflorestal e pecuária, em Angola, seja diferente da praticada em Portugal, a produção de resíduos agroflorestais e a forma de os aproveitar segue os mesmos princípios. O objetivo do presente trabalho é o de estimar, através do processamento de imagens do satélite MODIS, a disponibilidade em biomassa florestal e identificar locais com potencial para a instalação de centrais termoeléctricas a biomassa vegetal. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em ambiente de sistemas de informação geográfica e deteção remota. As imagens MODIS permitiram calcular o índice de vegetação NDVI e estimar a biomassa existente recorrendo a formulários anteriormente apresentados por outros autores. Através de técnicas de álgebra cartográfica, introduziram fatores condicionantes à instalação das centrais, como sejam a morfologia do terreno, a proximidade à rede viária e a proximidade a reservas naturais. Os resultados obtidos mostram que Angola possui um potencial em biomassa florestal que permite instalar até 17 centrais de 11 GWh-1, sendo que 12 se localizam próximo da atual rede elétrica de alta tensão ou em situação de ligação direta à rede. Destas 12, 4 estão próximas das atuais centrais elétricas hídricas, pelo que poderão funcionar em complemento de produção. Os resultados também mostram que as fazendas dedicadas à produção florestal se localizam próximo das zonas de ação das centrais e da rede ferroviária. Assim, os resíduos de exploração florestal que estas fazendas geram poderão ser comercializados como combustível para estas centrais. Também as fazendas dedicadas à produção agrária se localizam próximo das potenciais centrais, pelo que poderão usar a energia produzida e vender os seus resíduos vegetais como combustível.

Palavras-chave

Angola, biomassa florestal, energias alternativas, SIG, imagens de satélite

Abstract

Abstract: The increase in electricity production based on fuels fossil fuels leads to an increase in greenhouse gases and social conflicts due to global warming. For these reasons, the research on alternative sources of sustainable energy is also increasing. Forest biomass can be an important fuel source for energy producing, such as in thermoelectric power plants. Previous research in Portugal have demonstrated that the annual amount of agroforestry residues can be an alternative source of fuel for thermoelectric plants. Although agroforestry and livestock production in Angola is different from that practiced in Portugal, the production of agroforestry residues and the way to use them follows the same principles. The main aim of the present research is to estimate, through MODIS satellite images processing and classification, the availability of forest biomass and to identify potential places for thermoelectric power plants installation. The work was derived in of geographic information systems and remote sensing environment. The MODIS images made it possible to calculate the NDVI vegetation index and estimate the existing biomass using forms previously presented by other authors. Through cartographic algebra techniques, they were introduced conditioning factors for the power plants installation, such as the terrain morphology, the proximity to the road network and the proximity to nature reserves. The achieved results shown that Angola has a potential in forestry biomass that allows the installation of up to 17 plants of 11 GWh-1, 12 of which are located close to the current high voltage electrical network or in a situation of direct connection to the network. Of these 12, 4 are close to actual hydroelectric power plants, so they can work in addition to production. The results also shown that the farms dedicated to forestry production are located close to the power plants buffer zones as well the railway network. Thus, the residues of forest exploitation, that these farms generate, can be marketed as fuel for these power plants. The farms dedicated to agricultural production are also located close to the potential plants, so they can use the energy produced and sell their vegetable residues as fuel.

Keywords

Angola, forest biomass, alternative energies, GIS, satellite images

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Submetido em:
20/05/2023

Aceito em:
20/10/2023