Revista de Economia e Sociologia Rural
http://www.resr.periodikos.com.br/article/doi/10.1590/1806-9479.2026.301090
Revista de Economia e Sociologia Rural
ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Sociotechnical transitions towards decarbonization of Brazilian Agriculture: the potential to scale innovative niche production systems

Transições sociotécnicas para a descarbonização da agricultura brasileira: o potencial de escalar sistemas de produção inovadores de nicho

Niels Søndergaard; Claudia Cheron König; Camila Dias de Sá

http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-9479.2026.301090 resr, vol.64, e301090, 2026
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Abstract

Brazil’s agricultural frontier and land-use change make decarbonization a central challenge for meeting climate targets while sustaining productivity. This article applies the multilevel perspective (MLP) to compare three innovative niches with low‑carbon potential: crop–livestock–forestry integration (CLFi), cabruca cocoa agroforestry in the Atlantic Forest, and the emerging forest restoration economy within various sociotechnical regime dimensions. The analysis draws on 42 semi‑structured interviews (2019–2024) with producers, civil‑society organizations, agribusiness, researchers and public officials, complemented by secondary quantitative indicators. We find that scaling these niches depends less on the existence of technical solutions than on (i) market and value‑chain coordination capable of rewarding environmental performance and (ii) institutional and knowledge infrastructures (credit, extension, standards and monitoring) that reduce entry costs and risks—especially for small and medium producers. Cross‑case comparison also shows that land governance and territorial inequalities condition both feasibility and benefit sharing. The paper contributes to sustainability transitions scholarship by grounding MLP concepts in Brazilian agrarian contexts and by identifying policy levers for scaling low‑carbon practices in tropical agri‑food systems.

Keywords

sustainable transitions, low-carbon agriculture, crop–livestock–forestry integration (CLFi), agroforestry, forest restoration, decarbonization, Brazil

Resumo

A expansão agropecuária e as mudanças no uso da terra tornam a descarbonização um desafio central para o Brasil cumprir metas climáticas mantendo a produtividade. Este artigo aplica a Perspectiva Multinível (PMN/MLP) para comparar três nichos inovadores com potencial de baixo carbono: integração lavoura‑pecuária‑floresta (ILPF), cacau cabruca na Mata Atlântica e a economia emergente da restauração florestal, dentro de diferentes dimensões do regime sociotécnico. A análise combina 42 entrevistas semiestruturadas (2019–2024) com produtores, organizações da sociedade civil, agronegócio, pesquisadores e gestores públicos e indicadores quantitativos secundários. Os resultados indicam que o escalonamento desses nichos depende menos da inexistência de soluções técnicas e mais de (i) coordenação de mercado e de cadeias de valor capaz de remunerar desempenho ambiental e (ii) infraestrutura institucional e de conhecimento (crédito, ATER, padrões e monitoramento) que reduza custos e riscos de adoção—sobretudo para pequenos e médios produtores. A comparação intersetorial também evidencia que governança fundiária e desigualdades territoriais condicionam viabilidade e distribuição de benefícios. O artigo contribui ao ancorar conceitos de transições sociotécnicas no contexto agrário brasileiro e ao apontar alavancas de política para ampliar práticas de baixo carbono em sistemas agroalimentares tropicais.

Palavras-chave

transições sustentáveis, agricultura de baixo carbono, integração lavoura‑pecuária‑floresta (ILPF), agrofloresta, restauração florestal, descarbonização, Brasil

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